De los anillos verdes a las infraestructuras verdes: tres estudio de caso en América

Contenido principal del artículo

Itziar Aguado Moralejo
Carmen Echebarria
José M. Barrutia

Resumen

Las políticas de anillos verdes se diseñaron hace ya más de un siglo en Europa para controlar el crecimiento urbano, preservar las tierras agrícolas y conservar la naturaleza, aunque reiteradamente han fracasado en su intento por contener la expansión de la ciudad. Sin embargo, paulatinamente, estas iniciativas han ido incorporando nuevas funciones, incidiendo especialmente en la provisión de servicios ecosistémicos. En Europa, diversos estudios señalan que se ha producido una evolución desde los anillos verdes, diseñados a modo de línea de fijación del crecimiento urbano, hacia las infraestructuras verdes mucho más permeables y conectadas. En este artículo, exploramos estas dinámicas a través de la comparación de los casos de tres anillos verdes, Ottawa y Ontario en Canadá y São Paulo en Brasil, implementados en América. Los casos muestran la consolidación de dichas iniciativas y su evolución hacia infraestructuras verdes más amplias, aunque con resultados desiguales en el cumplimiento de los objetivos de las políticas, ya que se requiere disponer de una elevada capacidad de gobernanza para llevar a cabo una gestión coordinada compleja entre los diversos niveles de gobiernos, los diferentes municipios y otros intereses privados y públicos que intervienen en las infraestructuras verdes.



Descargas

La descarga de datos todavía no está disponible.

Detalles del artículo

Cómo citar
Aguado Moralejo, I., Echebarria, C., & Barrutia, J. M. (2022). De los anillos verdes a las infraestructuras verdes: tres estudio de caso en América . Boletín De La Asociación De Geógrafos Españoles, (92). https://doi.org/10.21138/bage.3177

Bibliografía

Aguado, I., Barrutia, J.M., & Echebarria, C. (2013). The green belt of Vitoria-Gasteiz. A successful practice for sustainable urban planning. Boletín de la Asociación de Geógrafos Españoles, (61), 181-193. https://bage.age-geografia.es/ojs/index.php/bage/article/view/1551

Ahern, J. (2007). Green infrastructure for cities: The spatial dimension. In V. Novotny & P. Brown (Eds.), Cities of the future: Towards integrated sustainable water and landscape management (pp. 267-283). IWA Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1.1.558.8386

Akimowicz, M., Cummings, H., & Landman, K. (2016). Green lights in the Greenbelt? A qualitative analysis of farm investment decision-making in peri-urban Southern Ontario. Land Use Policy, 55, 24-36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2016.03.024

Ali, A.K. (2008). Greenbelts to contain urban growth in Ontario, Canada: Promises and prospects. Planning Practice and Research, 23(4), 533–548.

Allen, R., & Campsie, P. (2013). Implementing the growth plan for the Greater Golden Horseshoe. Has the strategic regional vision been compromised? The Neptis Foundation. http://www.neptis.org/publications/implementing-growth-plan-greater-golden-horseshoe

Amati, M. (2008). Urban green belts in the twenty-first century. In M. Amati (Ed.), Green belts: A twentieth-century planning experiment (pp. 1-17). Ashgate Publishing Limited.

Amati, M., & Taylor, L. (2010). From green belts to green infrastructure. Planning Practice & Research, 25(2), 143-155. https://doi.org/10.1080/02697451003740122

Amati, M., & Yokohari, M. (2006). Temporal changes and local variations in the functions of London's green belt. Landscape and urban planning, 75(1-2), 125-142. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2004.12.007

Andrés Orive, L., & Dios Lema, R. (2012). Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain: from greenbelt to regional green infrastructure. In T. Beatley (Ed.), Green Cities of Europe: Global Lessons on Green Urbanism (pp. 155-180). Island Press.

Aziz, T., & Shah, M.U. (2019). Realized ecosystem services: using stakeholder theory for policy development. International Journal of Scientific Research and Engineering Development, 2(6), 379-382. http://www.ijsred.com/volume2/issue6/IJSRED-V2I6P53.pdf

Ballamingie, P., & Walker, S.M. (2013). Field of dreams: just food's proposal to create a community food and sustainable agriculture hub in Ottawa, Ontario. Local Environment, 18(5), 529-542. https://doi.org/10.1080/13549839.2013.787975

Baptiste, A.K., Foley, C., & Smardon, R. (2015). Understanding urban neighborhood differences in willingness to implement green infrastructure measures: a case study of Syracuse, NY. Landscape and Urban Planning, 136, 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2014.11.012

Barbati, A., Corona, P., Salvati, L., & Gasparella, L. (2013). Natural forest expansion into suburban countryside: Gained ground for a green infrastructure? Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 12(1), 36-43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2012.11.002

Bartesaghi Koc, C., Osmond, P., & Peters, A. (2017). Towards a comprehensive green infrastructure typology: a systematic review of approaches, methods and typologies. Urban Ecosystems, 20(1), 15-35. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11252-016-0578-5

Baxendale, C., & Buzai, G.D. (2019). Modelos urbanos e infraestructura verde en ciudades de América Latina. Análisis en la ciudad de Buenos Aires. Huellas, 23(2), 79-106. http://dx.doi.org/10.19137/huellas-2019-2313

Baxter, P., & Jack, S. (2008). Qualitative case study methodology: Study design and implementation for novice researchers. The Qualitative Report, 13(4), 544-559. http://legacy.aosp.bo.it/reparti_servizi/evidencebasednursing/nuovo/Formazione/masterebp_vecchi/master_2013_2014/Slide_corso_ricerca_2104/qualitativa/Baxter_Jack_2008_Case_Study.pdf

Benedict, M.A., & McMahon, E.T. (2012). Green infrastructure: linking landscapes and communities. Island press.

Bengston, D.N., & Youn, Y.C. (2006). Urban containment policies and the protection of natural areas: the case of Seoul's greenbelt. Ecology and Society, 11(1). https://www.jstor.org/stable/26267777

Breiling, M., & Ruland, G. (2008). The Vienna Green Belt: From localised protection to a regional concept. In M. Amati (Ed.), Urban Green Belts in the Twenty-first Century (pp.167-183). Ashgate.

Caldwell, W., & Proctor, K. (2013). Farming in Ontario’s greenbelt: Possibility grows here. Friends of the Greenbelt Foundation. https://www.greenbelt.ca/farming_in_ontario_s_greenbelt_possibility_grows_here

Caldwell, W., & Temple, K. (2009). Canada’s Capital Greenbelt: moving towards sustainable agriculture. National Capital Commission.

http://waynecaldwell.ca/Publications/Moving_Towards_Sustainable_Agriculture%20(1)%20-%20final%20report.pdf

Campbell, M.O. (2019). Adaptive Management of Green Spaces and Life Quality in Glasgow (Scotland) and Ottawa (Canada). In B. Sinha (Ed.), Multidimensional Approach to Quality of Life Issues. A Spatial Analysis (pp. 417-431). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-6958-2_26

Carter-Whitney, M. (2010). Ontario’s greenbelt in an international context. Friends of the Greenbelt Foundation. https://www.greenbelt.ca/ontario_s_greenbelt_in_an_international_context2010

Chang, Q., Li, X., Huang, X., & Wu, J. (2012). A GIS-based green infrastructure planning for sustainable urban land use and spatial development. Procedia Environmental Sciences, 12, 491-498. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proenv.2012.01.308

City of Ottawa (2021). Open Ottawa. Open data, maps, apps & stories from the City of Ottawa. https://open.ottawa.ca/

Côté, A., & Fenn, M. (2014). Provincial-municipal relations in Ontario: Approaching an inflection point. Institute on Municipal Finance and Governance. https://munkschool.utoronto.ca/imfg/uploads/275/1560_imfg_no_17_online_full_colour.pdf

Coutts, C., & Hahn, M. (2015). Green infrastructure, ecosystem services, and human health. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 12(8), 9768-9798. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph120809768

Daniels, T.L. (2010). The use of greenbelts to control sprawl in the United States. Planning Practice & Research, 25(2), 255-271. https://doi.org/10.1080/02697451003740288

Davies, C., & Lafortezza, R. (2017). Urban green infrastructure in Europe: Is greenspace planning and policy compliant? Land Use Policy, 69, 93-101. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2017.08.018

Davies, C., MacFarlane, R., McGloin, C., & Roe, M. (2006). Green Infrastructure Planning Guide. North-East Community Forests. http://www.aughty.org/pdf/green_infrastruct_planguide.pdf

Deaton, B.J., & Vyn, R.J. (2015). The effect of Ontario's Greenbelt on the price of vacant farmland. Canadian Journal of Agricultural Economics, 63(2), 185-208. https://doi.org/10.1111/cjag.12045

Douglas, O., Lennon, M., & Scott, M. (2017). Green space benefits for health and well being: A life-course approach for urban planning, design and management. Cities, 66, 53-62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2017.03.011

Echeverry, J.D. (2019). Medellín: A city of Crossroads. Poverty, City Model and Social Change in the Green Belt Project. Territorios, (40), 273-289. http://dx.doi.org/10.12804/revistas.urosario.edu.co/territorios/a.5535

Erickson, D. (2004). The relationship of historic city form and contemporary greenway implementation: A comparison of Milwaukee, Wisconsin (USA) and Ottawa, Ontario (Canada). Landscape and Urban Planning, 68(2–3), 199-221. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-2046(03)00160-9

European Commission (2013). Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Region. Green Infrastructure (GI)—Enhancing Europe’s natural capital (COM/2013/0249 final). http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:52013DC0249

Evans, C., & Freestone, R. (2010). From greenbelt to green web: regional open space planning in Sydney, 1948–1963. Planning Practice & Research, 25(2), 223-240. https://doi.org/10.1080/02697451003740254

Feria Toribio, J.M., & Santiago Ramos, J. (2017). Naturaleza y ciudad. Perspectivas para la ordenación de la infraestructura verde en los planes territoriales metropolitanos en España. Boletín de la Asociación de Geógrafos Españoles, (74). https://doi.org/10.21138/bage.2447

Fung, F., & Conway, T. (2007). Greenbelts as an environmental planning tool: a case study of southern Ontario, Canada. Journal of Environmental Policy and Planning, 9(2), 101-117. https://doi.org/10.1080/15239080701381355

Garmendia, E., Apostolopoulou, E., Adams, W.M., & Bormpoudakis, D. (2016). Biodiversity and green infrastructure in Europe: boundary object or ecological trap? Land Use Policy, 56, 315-319. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2016.04.003

Gordon, D., & Scott, R. (2008). Ottawa’s greenbelt evolves from urban separator to key ecological planning component. In M. Amati (Ed.), Urban greenbelts in the twenty-first century (pp. 129-149). Routledge.

Grădinaru, S.R., & Hersperger, A.M. (2019). Green infrastructure in strategic spatial plans: Evidence from European urban regions. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 40, 17-28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2018.04.018

Greenbelt Coalition of Canada's Capital Region (2010). Greenbelt Coalition’s Position Paper for the NCC’s Greenbelt Master Plan Review. http://www.renaud.ca/public/NCC_Related/GreenbeltCoalition_PositionPaper-September%202010-Working_Copy_for_NCC_Review.pdf

Han, A.T., & Go, M.H. (2019). Explaining the national variation of land use: A cross-national analysis of greenbelt policy in five countries. Land Use Policy, 81, 644-656. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2018.11.035

Hansen, R., & Pauleit, S. (2014). From multifunctionality to multiple ecosystem services? A conceptual framework for multifunctionality in green infrastructure planning for urban areas. AMBIO, 43, 516-529. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13280-014-0510-2

Henstra, D. (2017). Local government and politics in Ontario. In C.Collier, & J. Malloy (Eds.), The politics of Ontario (pp. 118-134). University of Toronto Press.

Instituto Florestal (2021). Reserva da Biosfera do Cinturão Verde da Cidade de São Paulo. https://www.infraestruturameioambiente.sp.gov.br/institutoflorestal/o-instituto/rbcv/e

Instituto Florestal - IF/SMA (2021). Infraestrutura de dados espaciais ambientais do estado de São Paulo - IDEA-SP. https://datageo.ambiente.sp.gov.br/

Johns, C.M. (2019). Understanding barriers to green infrastructure policy and stormwater management in the City of Toronto: a shift from grey to green or policy layering and conversion? Journal of Environmental Planning and Management, 62(8), 1377-1401. https://doi.org/10.1080/09640568.2018.1496072

Jun, M.J., & Bae, C.H.C. (2000). Estimating the commuting costs of Seoul’s greenbelt. International Regional Science Review, 23(3), 300-315. https://doi.org/10.1177/016001700761127416

Keil, R., & Macdonald, S. (2016). Rethinking urban political ecology from the outside in: greenbelts and boundaries in the post-suburban city. Local Environment, 21(12), 1516-1533. https://doi.org/10.1080/13549839.2016.1145642

Kipper, K. (2021). The City of Ottawa’s Smart Growth Challenge: What Can We Expect from the New Official Plan? Carleton Perspectives on Public Policy, 7, 93-119. https://ojs.library.carleton.ca/index.php/cpopp/article/view/3181

Korosteleva, M.V., & Korosteleva, N.V. (2018). Forest-park green belts as environment-forming element of urbanized territories. In IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 451(1), 012158. https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1757-899X/451/1/012158/meta

Kühn, M. (2003). Greenbelt and Green Heart: separating and integrating landscapes in European city regions. Landscape and Urban Planning, 64(1-2), 19-27. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-2046(02)00198-6

Lafortezza, R., Davies, C., Sanesi, G., & Konijnendijk, C. C. (2013). Green Infrastructure as a tool to support spatial planning in European urban regions. iForest-Biogeosciences and Forestry, 6(3), 102. https://doi.org/10.3832/ifor0723-006

Lemes de Oliveira, F. (2019). Green Wedges: The Resilience of a Planning Idea. In F. Lemes de Oliveira & I. Mell (Eds.), Planning Cities with Nature. Cities and Nature. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-01866-5_2

Macdonald, S., & Keil, R. (2012). The Ontario greenbelt: shifting the scales of the sustainability fix?. The Professional Geographer, 64(1), 125-145. https://doi.org/10.1080/00330124.2011.586874

Macdonald, S., Monstadt, J., & Friendly, A. (2021). Rethinking the governance and planning of a new generation of greenbelts. Regional Studies 55(5), 804-817. https://doi.org/10.1080/00343404.2020.1747608

Mansor, M., Said, I., & Mohamad, I. (2012). Experiential contacts with green infrastructure's diversity and well-being of urban community. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 49, 257-267. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.07.024

Mell, I.C. (2017). Green infrastructure: reflections on past, present and future praxis. Landscape Research, 42(2), 135-145. https://doi.org/10.1080/01426397.2016.1250875

Ministry of Municipal Affairs and Housing (2017). The Greenbelt Plan. https://files.ontario.ca/greenbelt-plan-2017-en.pdf

Ministry of Municipal Affairs and Housing (2020a). A Place to Grow: Growth plan for the Greater Golden Horseshoe. https://www.ontario.ca/document/place-grow-growth-plan-greater-golden-horseshoe

Ministry of Municipal Affairs and Housing (2020b). Ontario’s Greenbelt. https://www.ontario.ca/page/ontarios-greenbelt

Monclús, J. (2018). From Park Systems and Green Belts to Green Infrastructures. In C. Díez Medina & J. Monclús (Eds.), Urban Visions. From Planning Culture to Landscape Urbanism (pp. 269-278). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-59047-9_26

Monteiro, R., Ferreira, J.C., & Antunes, P. (2020). Green Infrastructure Planning Principles: An Integrated Literature Review. Land, 9(12), 525. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land9120525

Moraes Victor, R.A.B., Costa Neto, J. de Brito, Nacib Ab'Saber, A., Serrano, O., Domingos, M., Camacho Pires, B.C., Amazonas, M., & Moraes Victor, M.A. (2004). Application of the Biosphere Reserve concept to urban areas: the case of São Paulo City Green Belt Biosphere Reserve, Brazil-São Paulo Forest Institute: a case study for UNESCO. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1023(1), 237-281. https://doi.org/10.1196/annals.1319.012

Moreno-Peñaranda, R. (2021). Synergies in Urban Environmental Policy: Ecosystem Services and Biodiversity Co-benefits in São Paulo City, Brazil. In K. Ito (Ed.), Urban Biodiversity and Ecological Design for Sustainable Cities (pp. 243-272). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-56856-8_11

Morrison, N. (2010). A Green Belt under Pressure: The Case of Cambridge, England. Planning Practice & Research, 25(2), 157-181. https://doi.org/10.1080/02697451003740189

National Capital Commission (NCC) (2013). Canada’s Capital Greenbelt Master Plan. Ottawa: National Capital Commission. https://ncc-website-2.s3.amazonaws.com/documents/final-2013-greenbelt-master-plan-en.pdf?mtime=20181121104505&focal=none

National Capital Commission (NCC) (2021). Canada's Capital Greenbelt. https://ncc-ccn.gc.ca/places/greenbelt

Natural England (2008). Green infrastructure strategies. An introduction for local authorities and their partners. http://publications.naturalengland.org.uk/publication/36010

Naumann, S., Davis, M., Kaphengst, T., Mav Pieterse, M., & Rayment, M., (2011). Design, implementation and cost elements of Green Infrastructure projects. Final report to the European Commission, DG Environment, Contract no. 070307/2010/577182/ETU/F.1, Ecologic institute and GHK Consulting. https://www.ecologic.eu/11382

Oliveira, S., Andrade, H., & Vaz, T. (2011). The cooling effect of green spaces as a contribution to the mitigation of urban heat: A case study in Lisbon. Building and Environment, 46(11), 2186-2194. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2011.04.034

Ontario Ministry of Northern Development, Mines, Natural Resources and Forestry (2021). Ontario GeoHub, Land Information Ontario. https://geohub.lio.gov.on.ca/

Opdam, P., Steingröver, E., & Van Rooij, S. (2006). Ecological networks: A spatial concept for multi-actor planning of sustainable landscapes. Landscape and Urban Planning, 75(3-4), 322-332. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2005.02.015

Pauleit, S., Ambrose-Oji, B., Andersson, E., Anton, B., Buijs, A., Haase, D., Elands, B., Hansen, R., Kowarik, I., Kronenberg, J., Mattijssen, T., Stahl Olafsson, A., Rall, E., van der Jagt, A.P.N., & van den Bosch, C.K. (2019). Advancing urban green infrastructure in Europe: Outcomes and reflections from the GREEN SURGE project. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 40, 4-16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2018.10.006

Pond, D. (2009a). Institutions, political economy and land-use policy: greenbelt politics in Ontario. Environmental Politics, 18(2), 238-256. https://doi.org/10.1080/09644010802682619

Pond, D. (2009b). Ontario's Greenbelt: Growth management, farmland protection, and regime change in southern Ontario. Canadian Public Policy, 35(4), 413-432. https://doi.org/10.3138/cpp.35.4.413

Prentice, M. (2012). A belt too tight. Ottawa Business Journal. http://www.obj.ca/Opinion/2012-10-12/article-3086074/A-belt-too-tight/1

Ruggia, O., & Occhionero, F. (2019). El cinturón verde de Córdoba como factor clave para la soberanía alimentaria y el Derecho a la Ciudad. Cardinalis, 7(13), 117-135. https://revistas.unc.edu.ar/index.php/cardi/article/view/27147

Ramos-Ribeiro, R. (2015). Green Belt Biosphere Reserve in the Brazilian City of São Paulo. Ecological Questions, 20, 93-97. http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/EQ.2014.021

Retrieved from Koc, C., Osmond, P., & Peters, A. (2016). Towards a comprehensive green infrastructure typology: a systematic review of approaches, methods and typologies. Urban Ecosystems, 20(1), 15-35. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11252-016-0578-5

Rodrigues, A.E., Moraes Victor, R.A.B., & Camacho Pires, B.C. (2006). A Reserva da Biosfera do Cinturão Verde da Cidade de São Paulo como marco para a gestão integrada da cidade, seus serviços ambientais e o bem-estar humano. São Paulo em Perspectiva, 20(2), 71-89. http://produtos.seade.gov.br/produtos/spp/v20n02/v20n02_06.pdf

Rodrigues, E.A. (Ed.) (2018). Ecosystem services and human well-being in the in the São Paulo City Green Belt Biosphere Reserve. Instituto Florestal. https://www.infraestruturameioambiente.sp.gov.br/institutoflorestal/2018/12/ecosystem-services-and-human-well-being-in-the-sao-paulo-city-green-belt-biosphere-reserve/

Rodrigues, E.A., Alves Pereira de Andrade, D., Camacho Pires, B.C., & Victor, R.A.B.M. (2007). El enfoque ecosistémico en la gestión de las áreas urbanas y periurbanas: contribución de la reserva de la biosfera del cinturón verde de la ciudad de Sao Paulo para la gestión integrada de las ciudades y de sus servicios ambientales. In Hacia una cultura de conservación de la diversidad biológica (pp. 337-353). Sociedad Entomológica Aragonesa, SEA. http://sea-entomologia.org/PDF/PDFSM3MVOL6/Pdf3633735436Rodrigues.pdf

Sanesi, G., Colangelo, G., Lafortezza, R., Calvo, E., & Davies, C. (2017). Urban green infrastructure and urban forests: A case study of the Metropolitan Area of Milan. Landscape Research, 42(2), 164-175. https://doi.org/10.1080/01426397.2016.1173658

Seiwert, A., & Rößler, S. (2020). Understanding the term green infrastructure: origins, rationales, semantic content and purposes as well as its relevance for application in spatial planning. Land Use Policy, 97, 104785. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2020.104785

Siedentop, S., Fina, S., & Krehl, A. (2016). Greenbelts in Germany's regional plans—An effective growth management policy? Landscape and Urban Planning, 145, 71-82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2015.09.002

Slätmo, E., Nilsson, K., & Turunen, E. (2019). Implementing green infrastructure in spatial planning in Europe. Land, 8(4), 62. https://doi.org/10.3390/land8040062

Sturzaker, J., & Mell, I. (2017). Green belts: Past; present; future? Routledge.

Tang, B.S., Wong, S.W., & Lee, A.K.W. (2007). Green belt in a compact city: A zone for conservation or transition? Landscape and Urban Planning, 79(3-4), 358-373. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2006.04.006

Taylor, J., Paine, C., & FitzGibbon, J. (1995). From greenbelt to greenways: four Canadian case studies. Landscape and urban planning, 33(1-3), 47-64. https://doi.org/10.1016/0169-2046(94)02013-6

Taylor, L. (2019). The future of green belts. In Scott, M., Gallent, N. and Gkartzios, M. (Eds). Routledge companion to rural planning. (pp. 458-468). Routledge.

The Greenbelt Foundation (2021). Ontario's Greenbelt. https://www.greenbelt.ca

Thomas, K., & Littlewood, S. (2010). From green belts to green infrastructure? The evolution of a new concept in the emerging soft governance of spatial strategies. Planning Practice & Research, 25(2), 203-222. https://doi.org/10.1080/02697451003740213

Timpe, A. (2020), Cultivating the Cologne Green Belt: The Belvedere Agricultural Park. In L. Scazzosi, & P. Branduini (Eds.), AgriCultura. Urban Agriculture (pp. 205-224). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-49012-6_13

Tzoulas, K., Korpela, K., Venn, S., Yli-Pelkonen, V., Kaźmierczak, A., Niemela, J., & James, P. (2007). Promoting ecosystem and human health in urban areas using Green Infrastructure: A literature review. Landscape and Urban Planning, 81(3), 167-178. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2007.02.001

Vyn, R.J. (2012). Examining for evidence of the leapfrog effect in the context of strict agricultural zoning. Land Economics, 88(3), 457-477. http://www.jstor.org/stable/23272622

Weber, T., Sloan, A., & Wolf, J. (2006). Maryland's Green Infrastructure Assessment: Development of a comprehensive approach to land conservation. Landscape and Urban Planning, 77(1-2), 94-110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2005.02.002

Wright, H. (2011). Understanding green infrastructure: the development of a contested concept in England. Local Environment, 16(10), 1003-1019. https://doi.org/10.1080/13549839.2011.631993

Xie, X., Kang, H., Behnisch, M., Baildon, M., & Krüger, T. (2020). To what extent can the green belts prevent urban sprawl?—a comparative study of Frankfurt am Main, London and Seoul. Sustainability, 12(2), 679. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12020679

Yokohari, M., Takeuchi, K., Watanabe, T. and Yokota, S. (2000). Beyond greenbelts and zoning: A new planning concept for the environment of Asian mega-cities. Landscape and Urban Planning, 47(3-4), 159-171. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-73412-5_50

Young, R., Zanders, J., Lieberknecht, K., & Fassman-Beck, E. (2014). A comprehensive typology for mainstreaming urban green infrastructure. Journal of Hydrology, 519, 2571-2583. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2014.05.048

Zhang, Z., Meerow, S., Newell, J.P., & Lindquist, M. (2019). Enhancing landscape connectivity through multifunctional green infrastructure corridor modeling and design. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 38, 305-317. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2018.10.014